;DkfbsLo
;lxbk|lt ;Rrf >4f~hnL
ul/Psf] 5 .
;lxbk|lt ;Rrf >4f~hnL
;lxb b]z / hgtfsf] nflu cfk\mgf] hLjg alnbfg ug{] dxfk'?ifx?n] k|fKt ug{] ;jf{]Rr cd/ kb xf] . Gofo / cGofo jLrsf] o'4 ;lbof}+b]lv rNb} cfPsf] 5 . dfG5]sf nflu nufpg', vfg' / bf; ;/xsf] hLjg hLpg' k|of{Kt x“'b}g . dfG5] r]tgzLn k|f0fL xf] / p;nfO{ :jtGqtf, :jfledfg, Gofo ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ha ;dfhsf] Ps d'l7\7e/ lx:;fn] csf{] lx:;f dfly cGofo, cTofrf/, bdg, zf]if0f yf]k5{ To;sf lj?4 lj:tf/} r]tgzLn zf]lift kLl8t / ckx]lnt ju{x?sf] cfjfh j'nGb x'G5 . To;} cfjfhsf ;fy lg/+s'z cTofrf/L zf]ifs ju{sf lj?4 cfGbf]ngsf] cf“lwj]x/Lsf] p7fg x'G5 . cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;kmntfsf] ljGb'df k'¥ofpg ;dk{0f / alnbfgLs]f vf“rf] kb{5 . ha zf]lift kLl8tju{sf] Gofok|]dL of]4fx?n] ;xfotf k|fKt ub{5g\ tL
;j{;fwf/0fx?sf] cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldg] k|ltsf] hf]lvd ;j}eGbf 7"nf] 8/ d[To' xf] . olb sf]xL JolQmn] dxfg\ nIo k|fKtLsf] nflu /fi6« / ju{sf vflt/ cfkm"nfO{ l;ªuf] ?kdf x|[bob]lv g} ;dk{0f ub{5 . clg Tof] k'?if d'Qm k'?if xf] / To:tf d'Qm k'?ifx? g} jf:tjdf zxLb x'g\ . pgLx?sf] ef}lts d[To' uf}0f x'g hfG5 / Oltxf;sf x/]s lk9Lx?sf] dfg;k6ndf hLjGt ag]/ ;lxbx? ;dfhdf w|'jtf/f h:t} hfHjNodfg x'G5g\ / ;'b"/ eljiosf] dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf ;dfhdf cd/
aGb5g\ .
/f0ffzf;gsf lj?4 qmflGt r]tgfsf] ljp 5g{] dxfg ;lxbx? u+ufnfn >]fi7, wd{eQm dfy]df, z'qm/fh zf:qL, bz/yrGb x'g\ jf @)$^ ;fnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf qmddf sLlt{k'/ If]qn] kfPsf /fh]Gb| dxh{g, ngjxfb'/ dxh{g, lx/fsfhL dxh{g / /fhdfg dfnL h:tf jL/ ;lxbx? x'g\, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] pGgltsf nflu cfkmgf] hLjg alnbfg ug{] ;Dk"0f{ ;lxbx?k|lt ;Rrf >f4f~hnL ck{0f ug{}k5{ / lhP/ cfkmgf] ljrf/ l;4fGtdf crn cd/ x'g] of]4fx?nfO{ ;nfd ug{}k5{ . ;lxblbj;sf] cj;/df xfdLn] ug{] xfd|f] bfloTj oxL g} x'g\ eGg] s'/f ;j}nf] x[bob]lv dgg ug{}k5{ .
;j{;fwf/0fx?sf] cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldg] k|ltsf] hf]lvd ;j}eGbf 7"nf] 8/ d[To' xf] . olb sf]xL JolQmn] dxfg\ nIo k|fKtLsf] nflu /fi6« / ju{sf vflt/ cfkm"nfO{ l;ªuf] ?kdf x|[bob]lv g} ;dk{0f ub{5 . clg Tof] k'?if d'Qm k'?if xf] / To:tf d'Qm k'?ifx? g} jf:tjdf zxLb x'g\ . pgLx?sf] ef}lts d[To' uf}0f x'g hfG5 / Oltxf;sf x/]s lk9Lx?sf] dfg;k6ndf hLjGt ag]/ ;lxbx? ;dfhdf w|'jtf/f h:t} hfHjNodfg x'G5g\ / ;'b"/ eljiosf] dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf ;dfhdf cd/
aGb5g\ .
/f0ffzf;gsf lj?4 qmflGt r]tgfsf] ljp 5g{] dxfg ;lxbx? u+ufnfn >]fi7, wd{eQm dfy]df, z'qm/fh zf:qL, bz/yrGb x'g\ jf @)$^ ;fnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf qmddf sLlt{k'/ If]qn] kfPsf /fh]Gb| dxh{g, ngjxfb'/ dxh{g, lx/fsfhL dxh{g / /fhdfg dfnL h:tf jL/ ;lxbx? x'g\, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] pGgltsf nflu cfkmgf] hLjg alnbfg ug{] ;Dk"0f{ ;lxbx?k|lt ;Rrf >f4f~hnL ck{0f ug{}k5{ / lhP/ cfkmgf] ljrf/ l;4fGtdf crn cd/ x'g] of]4fx?nfO{ ;nfd ug{}k5{ . ;lxblbj;sf] cj;/df xfdLn] ug{] xfd|f] bfloTj oxL g} x'g\ eGg] s'/f ;j}nf] x[bob]lv dgg ug{}k5{ .
o; xKtfsf] k|d'v ;dfrf/
sLlt{k'/df P;Pn;L k/LIff zfGtdo jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg, s]Gb|fWox?åf/f s[t1tf 1fkg
sLlt{k'/ . @)&! ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIff sLlt{k'/df zfGtdo jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg ePsf]df v'zL / ;Gt'i6 JoQm ub{} sLlt{k'/sf rf/} s]Gb|fWoIfåf/f s[t1tf 1fkg sLlt{k'/df P;Pn;L k/LIff zfGtdo jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg, s]Gb|fWox?åf/f s[t1tf 1fkg
ul/Psf] 5 .
oxL r}q % ut]b]lv b]zJofkL?kdf ;+rfng ePsf] P;Pn;L k/LIff sLlt{k'/df dof{lbt / cg'zfl;t?kn] ;DkGg ePsf] k|lts[of ;DjlGwt s]Gb|fWoIfdfkm{t atfOPsf] 5 . sLlt{k'/ dflj s]Gb| afx]s cGo tLg} s]Gb|df k/LIff r{}q !# ut] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] pQm s]Gb|df k|fljlws k/LIff ;+rfng ug{'kg{] ePsf]n] o; jif{ To:tf s]Gb|x?df yk # lbg ubf{ !^ ut] k/LIff ;DkGg x'g]5 .
o;kflnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIff ;+rfng s:tf] eof], s] cg'e'lt ug{'eof] egL sLlt{k'/ bk{0fn] /fv]s]f lh1f;fdf hg;]jf pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf gGbs'df/L dxh{gn] lgs} ;xh, zfGtdo / ;'Jojl:yt ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] eg] ;'/IffsdL{nufot
lg/LIfsx?sf] kfl/>lds ;'ljwf a9fpg'ePsf]df cfkm"nfO{ lgs} pT;flxt cg'e"lt ePsf]
hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . d+un pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf k|bLk dxh{gn] k/LIff ;+rfng /fd|f] ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] eg] cg'e'lt vf;} gePsf] atfpg'eof] . s]Gb|fWoIfsf] ! lbg eQf s6f}lt ug{' clg w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv :6]zg/L vr{df s'g} cfly{s j[l4 gug{'n] s]Gb| ;+rfngdf l;6Knflgªsf] ;dodf cK7]/f] dxz'; ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
To;}u/L 6f}bx pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf zf]let/fd sfsL{n] klg vf;} km/s dxz'; gePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] t/ pxfFn] lhlzcsf] cjnf]sgkl5 s]Gb|sf] ;'/Ifftkm{ ljz]if Wofg uPsf] kIf eg] ljutsf] t'ngfdf k[ys ePsf] dxz'; ug{'eof] . sLlt{k'/ dflj s]Gb|sf s]Gb|fWoIf nfnjxfb'/ kf08]sf] cg'ej / cg'e"lt /fi6«;]jssf] gftfn] km/s /xof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ sLlt{k'/sf s]Gb|x? dWo] ;j}eGbf a9L k/LIffyL{ ePsf] s]Gb|df To;dfly km/s kl/l:yltdf cfkm" s]Gb|fWoIf eP/ cfpg'kbf{ a]Un} cg'ej / cg'e"lt x'g] atfpg'eof] . kmlg{r/ gk'u /x]sf] cj:yfdf l5d]sL ljBfnoaf6 ;xof]u NofO{ P;Pn;L ;+rfng u/]sf]df cfkm"nfO{ uf}/j ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] . ;fy} ;'/Iffsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg ;DjlGwt lgsfoaf6 cjnf]sgdf cfpg]jfx]s s;}nfO{ k|j]z ug{ glbPsf]n] ;xh ePsf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ cfkmgf] s]Gb|sf] k/LIff ;+rfng lgs} Jojl:yt / dof{lbt clg afnd}qL ePsf] bfjL 5 .
pkTosf aflx/sf s]Gb|x?df x'g] cg}lts sfo{k|lt ;dfrf/ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 36gfaf/] JolQmut ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ g/fd|f] nfu]sf] / Ps} txsf ljBfyL{x?sf] d"Nofªsgdf km/s :t/ x'g] u/L d"Nofªsg x'g hfg] j]lyltn] k/LIff ;+rfngsf] Ps?ktfdf Wofg lbg h?/L ePsf] atfpg'eof] . d+un pdfljsf s]Gb|fWon] dxh{gn] pkTosfdf vf; km/s gxf]nf t/ aflx/sf] 36gfn] glthf k|sfzgdf c;Gt'ng cfpg] / sdhf]/L ljBfyL{x? klg ptL0f{ x'g hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] atfpg'eof] .
6f}bxsf s]Gb|fWoIf sfsL{n] t'ngfTds ?kdf pkTosfsf] k/LIff ;+rfng lgs} :t/Lo ePsf] atfpg'eof] eg] hg;]jf pdflj s]Gb|fWoIf dxh{gn] klg gd"gf s]Gb| agfpg lgod kfngf ug{ s'g} s;/ afFsL g/fv]]sf] atfpg'eof] .
o;kflnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIff ;+rfng s:tf] eof], s] cg'e'lt ug{'eof] egL sLlt{k'/ bk{0fn] /fv]s]f lh1f;fdf hg;]jf pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf gGbs'df/L dxh{gn] lgs} ;xh, zfGtdo / ;'Jojl:yt ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] eg] ;'/IffsdL{nufot
lg/LIfsx?sf] kfl/>lds ;'ljwf a9fpg'ePsf]df cfkm"nfO{ lgs} pT;flxt cg'e"lt ePsf]
hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . d+un pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf k|bLk dxh{gn] k/LIff ;+rfng /fd|f] ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] eg] cg'e'lt vf;} gePsf] atfpg'eof] . s]Gb|fWoIfsf] ! lbg eQf s6f}lt ug{' clg w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv :6]zg/L vr{df s'g} cfly{s j[l4 gug{'n] s]Gb| ;+rfngdf l;6Knflgªsf] ;dodf cK7]/f] dxz'; ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
To;}u/L 6f}bx pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf zf]let/fd sfsL{n] klg vf;} km/s dxz'; gePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] t/ pxfFn] lhlzcsf] cjnf]sgkl5 s]Gb|sf] ;'/Ifftkm{ ljz]if Wofg uPsf] kIf eg] ljutsf] t'ngfdf k[ys ePsf] dxz'; ug{'eof] . sLlt{k'/ dflj s]Gb|sf s]Gb|fWoIf nfnjxfb'/ kf08]sf] cg'ej / cg'e"lt /fi6«;]jssf] gftfn] km/s /xof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ sLlt{k'/sf s]Gb|x? dWo] ;j}eGbf a9L k/LIffyL{ ePsf] s]Gb|df To;dfly km/s kl/l:yltdf cfkm" s]Gb|fWoIf eP/ cfpg'kbf{ a]Un} cg'ej / cg'e"lt x'g] atfpg'eof] . kmlg{r/ gk'u /x]sf] cj:yfdf l5d]sL ljBfnoaf6 ;xof]u NofO{ P;Pn;L ;+rfng u/]sf]df cfkm"nfO{ uf}/j ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] . ;fy} ;'/Iffsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg ;DjlGwt lgsfoaf6 cjnf]sgdf cfpg]jfx]s s;}nfO{ k|j]z ug{ glbPsf]n] ;xh ePsf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ cfkmgf] s]Gb|sf] k/LIff ;+rfng lgs} Jojl:yt / dof{lbt clg afnd}qL ePsf] bfjL 5 .
pkTosf aflx/sf s]Gb|x?df x'g] cg}lts sfo{k|lt ;dfrf/ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 36gfaf/] JolQmut ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ g/fd|f] nfu]sf] / Ps} txsf ljBfyL{x?sf] d"Nofªsgdf km/s :t/ x'g] u/L d"Nofªsg x'g hfg] j]lyltn] k/LIff ;+rfngsf] Ps?ktfdf Wofg lbg h?/L ePsf] atfpg'eof] . d+un pdfljsf s]Gb|fWon] dxh{gn] pkTosfdf vf; km/s gxf]nf t/ aflx/sf] 36gfn] glthf k|sfzgdf c;Gt'ng cfpg] / sdhf]/L ljBfyL{x? klg ptL0f{ x'g hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] atfpg'eof] .
6f}bxsf s]Gb|fWoIf sfsL{n] t'ngfTds ?kdf pkTosfsf] k/LIff ;+rfng lgs} :t/Lo ePsf] atfpg'eof] eg] hg;]jf pdflj s]Gb|fWoIf dxh{gn] klg gd"gf s]Gb| agfpg lgod kfngf ug{ s'g} s;/ afFsL g/fv]]sf] atfpg'eof] .
n]v /rgf
;Gbe{ M sLlt{k'/ ;lxb lbj;–/fdz/0f dxh{g
;Gbe{ M sLlt{k'/ ;lxb lbj;–/fdz/0f dxh{g
lzIffsf] /fli6«o sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;a}sf nflu lzIff–Ph] dxh{g
sLlt{k'/df æP;Pn;LÆ dfxf]n t:aL/df
df]8{g OlG8og / j}i0fjLdf ljjfb
sLlt{k'/ v]ns"bsf] Sofn]G8/ k|sfzg x'g]
a'4 k"hf ejg k'gM lgdf{0f lsg<
l;nfO{ Joj;foLx?åf/f sLlt{k'/ OsfO u7g, dlxnf ;xeflutf pNn]Vo
gLlt / of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g h?/L–pk]Gb| emf
c:yfoL lzIfsåf/f lzIfs dxf;+3nfO{ 1fkgkq lbOg]
/f/flxndf lzIf0f l;sfO k2lt ljifos cleefjs uf]i7L ;DkGg
sLlt{k'/df lgMz'Ns cf“vf lzlj/
sLlt{k'/ !!, kf“ufdf hUuf xfn ;fljs ub{}
Uof“; afNbf xf]lzof/L agf}+
gLlt / of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g h?/L–pk]Gb| emf
c:yfoL lzIfsåf/f lzIfs dxf;+3nfO{ 1fkgkq lbOg]
/f/flxndf lzIf0f l;sfO k2lt ljifos cleefjs uf]i7L ;DkGg
sLlt{k'/df lgMz'Ns cf“vf lzlj/
sLlt{k'/ !!, kf“ufdf hUuf xfn ;fljs ub{}
Uof“; afNbf xf]lzof/L agf}+