d'Vo;dfrf/
kf“ufdf k'glgdf{0f sfo{ tLj| x'“b}
kf“ufdf k'glgdf{0f sfo{ tLj| x'“b}
sLlt{k'/ . sLlt{k'/ j8f g+= (, !), !! / !@ ;d]6]/ agfOPsf] kfFuf If]q ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] nflu Psflt/ kfFuf ljsf; ;/f]sf/ s]Gb|sf] u7g ut xKtf dfq ul/Psf] 5 eg] e'sDkn] Wj:t agfPsf ;f] If]qsf 3/x?sf] k'glgdf{0fsf nflu clxn] tLj| ?kdf eTsfpg] / kG5fpg] sfd e}/x]sf] 5 . kfFuf a;kfs{af6 blIf0fkl§ hg;]jf :s"nlt/ hfg] af6f]df /x]sf x]vfnL6f]nb]lv byn6f]nsf lghL 3/x? ljz]ift k'glgdf{0f ug{'kg{] cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] clxn] ;f] sfo{n] tLj|?k lnPsf] xf] . cjz]if kG5fpgsf] nflu l6k/ / nf]8/x? lbglbg} lghL?kdf k|of]udf NofO/fv]sf 5g\ eg] o;nfO{ cem ;xh Joj:yfkg ug{ j8f g+= ( 8LPd;Ln] cfly{s tyf ef}lts ?kdf ;xof]u ul//x]s]f cj:yf 5 eg] To:t} dfgjLo ;xof]u tyf cGo ;xof]usf] nflu j8f g+= !@ 8LPd\;Ln] klg ;xof]u ul//x]s]f 5 .
kfFuf If]qdf k6s k6s ub{} ;kmf ug{] cleofg ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 klg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;xof]u /sdaf6 kfFufsf] ;/;kmfO{ sfo{df vr{ ug{] ub{}cfO/x]sf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] k6s ufO{hfqfsf]
tof/Lsf] nflu eGb} ;fF:s[lts
kf}/vLsf] ?kdf cem eGbf ko{6sLo gu/Lsf] ?kdf lrgf/L lbg sLlt{k'/gu/kflnsfsf] ;xof]udf ;d]t pQm sfo{sf] z'?jft ePsf] lyof] . emG8} Wj:t 3/x? geTsfPsf] l:yltdf kfFuf ;kmf / lx+8\g nfossf] e};s]s]f lyof] . t/ xfn}sf lbgdf bz}+sf]] ;dodf e'sDk kLl8tx?n] :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xof]unufot cGo HofdL, 7]s]bf/x?sf] ;xof]udf wdfwd\ eTsfpg] / ;kmf ug{] sfd e}/x]sf] 5 . o; ;dodf clxn] kfFufsf] nfl5b]lvsf] dflyNnf] rf]sx? cfjthfjt ug{ sl7g l:yltsf] ag]sf] 5 . e'sDkn] a9L Iflt agfPsf] kfFufsf] ;f] If]qlt/ cfhef]ln !@ lkm6sf] af6f] klg em08} rf/lkm6sf] af6f] h:t}
e}/x]sf] 5 . w'nf]n] glhssf :yfgLonfO{ d'lZsn e}/x]sf] 5 . hg;]jf :s'n hfg] ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx? k|foM l;s'5]+sf] j}slNks af6f] eP/ cfjthfjt ug{'kl//x]]sf] l:ylt 5 .
sltn] 3/ ;kmf ub{} lkn/ p7fpg] sfo{;d]t ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] sltkon] h:tfsf] t:t} cjz]if 5f]l8 g} /fv]sf 5g\ . lgdf{0fsfo{sf] Ps?ktf geO{lb+bf k6s k6s ;kmfO{ ug{'kg{] jfWotf :yfgLon] v]Kb} cfPsf 5g\ .
;DjlGwt gu/kflnsf / j8f rgfvf] eP/ :yfgLonfO{
/fxt :j?k lgdf{0fsfo{df ;xof]u u/f];\ eGg] :yfgLosf] rfxgf 5 eg] sltko e'sDk kLl8tx? cem} klg ;/sf/sf] d'v tfs]/ ;xof]usf] cfzfd} jl;/x]sf 5g\ .
cfkmgf] gu/sf] :j?knfO{ ;dod} ;kmf ;'Gb/ agfP/ :yfgLo hgtfsf] v'zL kmsf{pg] sfddf ;DjlGwt j8f tyf gu/kflnsfsf] lemgf] cfzf ePklg k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kn] kLl8t hgtfdf afF8\g ;s] olta]nf b'O{nfvsf] ;xof]u gkvL{ b'O{xhf/sf] ePklg sfd x'g] :yfgLosf] dfu 5 .
gS;f kf;sf] sfo{df xf];\ of 3/ lgdf{0f :yndf agfPsf 6x/f jf hu vGg], lrgf] nufpg] sfo{df ;DjlGwt j8f k|ltlglw cufl8 ;+nUg eO{ ;xof]u u/]df ;+lwof/af6 x'g] emGem6af6 rfF8f] d'lQm klg ldNg] hgtfsf] cfzf 5 .
:d/0fLo /xf];\ nfnk"hf{sf] cefjdf cfkmgf] hUuf hldg sxfF slt eGg] lgSof{}ndf klxn]b]lv g}
cK7]/f] l:ylt e}/x]sf] :yfgLosf] u'gf;f] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;ef;b /fhg s];Lsf] kxndf nfnk"hf{ ljt/0f ug{] eg]tf klg k|fljlws sl7gfO{ eGb} nfdf];do;Dd cj/f]wsf jLr cf+lzs sfd dfq ;DkGg ePsf] l:ylt 5 .
:yfgLosf cg';f/ l56f] eGbf l56f] nfnk"hf{ ljt/0fsf] nflu k|fljlws sfo{ klxn] em}+ z'? x'g' kg{] :yfgLosf] hf]8bf/ dfu /xL cfPsf] 5 .
kfFuf If]qdf k6s k6s ub{} ;kmf ug{] cleofg ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 klg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;xof]u /sdaf6 kfFufsf] ;/;kmfO{ sfo{df vr{ ug{] ub{}cfO/x]sf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] k6s ufO{hfqfsf]
tof/Lsf] nflu eGb} ;fF:s[lts
kf}/vLsf] ?kdf cem eGbf ko{6sLo gu/Lsf] ?kdf lrgf/L lbg sLlt{k'/gu/kflnsfsf] ;xof]udf ;d]t pQm sfo{sf] z'?jft ePsf] lyof] . emG8} Wj:t 3/x? geTsfPsf] l:yltdf kfFuf ;kmf / lx+8\g nfossf] e};s]s]f lyof] . t/ xfn}sf lbgdf bz}+sf]] ;dodf e'sDk kLl8tx?n] :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xof]unufot cGo HofdL, 7]s]bf/x?sf] ;xof]udf wdfwd\ eTsfpg] / ;kmf ug{] sfd e}/x]sf] 5 . o; ;dodf clxn] kfFufsf] nfl5b]lvsf] dflyNnf] rf]sx? cfjthfjt ug{ sl7g l:yltsf] ag]sf] 5 . e'sDkn] a9L Iflt agfPsf] kfFufsf] ;f] If]qlt/ cfhef]ln !@ lkm6sf] af6f] klg em08} rf/lkm6sf] af6f] h:t}
e}/x]sf] 5 . w'nf]n] glhssf :yfgLonfO{ d'lZsn e}/x]sf] 5 . hg;]jf :s'n hfg] ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx? k|foM l;s'5]+sf] j}slNks af6f] eP/ cfjthfjt ug{'kl//x]]sf] l:ylt 5 .
sltn] 3/ ;kmf ub{} lkn/ p7fpg] sfo{;d]t ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] sltkon] h:tfsf] t:t} cjz]if 5f]l8 g} /fv]sf 5g\ . lgdf{0fsfo{sf] Ps?ktf geO{lb+bf k6s k6s ;kmfO{ ug{'kg{] jfWotf :yfgLon] v]Kb} cfPsf 5g\ .
;DjlGwt gu/kflnsf / j8f rgfvf] eP/ :yfgLonfO{
/fxt :j?k lgdf{0fsfo{df ;xof]u u/f];\ eGg] :yfgLosf] rfxgf 5 eg] sltko e'sDk kLl8tx? cem} klg ;/sf/sf] d'v tfs]/ ;xof]usf] cfzfd} jl;/x]sf 5g\ .
cfkmgf] gu/sf] :j?knfO{ ;dod} ;kmf ;'Gb/ agfP/ :yfgLo hgtfsf] v'zL kmsf{pg] sfddf ;DjlGwt j8f tyf gu/kflnsfsf] lemgf] cfzf ePklg k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kn] kLl8t hgtfdf afF8\g ;s] olta]nf b'O{nfvsf] ;xof]u gkvL{ b'O{xhf/sf] ePklg sfd x'g] :yfgLosf] dfu 5 .
gS;f kf;sf] sfo{df xf];\ of 3/ lgdf{0f :yndf agfPsf 6x/f jf hu vGg], lrgf] nufpg] sfo{df ;DjlGwt j8f k|ltlglw cufl8 ;+nUg eO{ ;xof]u u/]df ;+lwof/af6 x'g] emGem6af6 rfF8f] d'lQm klg ldNg] hgtfsf] cfzf 5 .
:d/0fLo /xf];\ nfnk"hf{sf] cefjdf cfkmgf] hUuf hldg sxfF slt eGg] lgSof{}ndf klxn]b]lv g}
cK7]/f] l:ylt e}/x]sf] :yfgLosf] u'gf;f] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;ef;b /fhg s];Lsf] kxndf nfnk"hf{ ljt/0f ug{] eg]tf klg k|fljlws sl7gfO{ eGb} nfdf];do;Dd cj/f]wsf jLr cf+lzs sfd dfq ;DkGg ePsf] l:ylt 5 .
:yfgLosf cg';f/ l56f] eGbf l56f] nfnk"hf{ ljt/0fsf] nflu k|fljlws sfo{ klxn] em}+ z'? x'g' kg{] :yfgLosf] hf]8bf/ dfu /xL cfPsf] 5 .
;DkbsLo
8f= e§/fO{sf] /flhgfdf /fi6«sf] lglDt 7"nf] Iflt
sLlt{k'/ .
@)&! ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIff sLlt{k'/df zfGtdo jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg ePsf]df
v'zL / ;Gt'i6 JoQm ub{} sLlt{k'/sf rf/} s]Gb|fWoIfåf/f s[t1tf 1fkg ul/Psf] 5 .8f= e§/fO{sf] /flhgfdf /fi6«sf] lglDt 7"nf] Iflt
oxL
r}q % ut]b]lv b]zJofkL?kdf ;+rfng ePsf] P;Pn;L k/LIff sLlt{k'/df
dof{lbt / cg'zfl;t?kn] ;DkGg ePsf] k|lts[of ;DjlGwt s]Gb|fWoIfdfkm{t
atfOPsf] 5 . sLlt{k'/ dflj s]Gb| afx]s cGo tLg} s]Gb|df k/LIff r{}q !#
ut] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] pQm s]Gb|df k|fljlws k/LIff ;+rfng ug{'kg{]
ePsf]n] o; jif{ To:tf s]Gb|x?df yk # lbg ubf{ !^ ut] k/LIff ;DkGg x'g]5 .
o;kflnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIff ;+rfng s:tf] eof], s] cg'e'lt ug{'eof] egL sLlt{k'/ bk{0fn] /fv]s]f lh1f;fdf hg;]jf pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf gGbs'df/L dxh{gn] lgs} ;xh, zfGtdo / ;'Jojl:yt ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] eg] ;'/IffsdL{nufot
lg/LIfsx?sf] kfl/>lds ;'ljwf a9fpg'ePsf]df cfkm"nfO{ lgs} pT;flxt cg'e"lt ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . d+un pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf k|bLk dxh{gn] k/LIff ;+rfng /fd|f] ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] eg] cg'e'lt vf;} gePsf] atfpg'eof] . s]Gb|fWoIfsf] ! lbg eQf s6f}lt ug{' clg w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv :6]zg/L vr{df s'g} cfly{s j[l4 gug{'n] s]Gb| ;+rfngdf l;6Knflgªsf] ;dodf cK7]/f] dxz'; ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
To;}u/L 6f}bx pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf zf]let/fd sfsL{n] klg vf;} km/s dxz'; gePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] t/ pxfFn] lhlzcsf] cjnf]sgkl5 s]Gb|sf] ;'/Ifftkm{ ljz]if Wofg uPsf] kIf eg] ljutsf] t'ngfdf k[ys ePsf] dxz'; ug{'eof] . sLlt{k'/ dflj s]Gb|sf s]Gb|fWoIf nfnjxfb'/ kf08]sf] cg'ej / cg'e"lt /fi6«;]jssf] gftfn] km/s /xof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ sLlt{k'/sf s]Gb|x? dWo] ;j}eGbf a9L k/LIffyL{ ePsf] s]Gb|df To;dfly km/s kl/l:yltdf cfkm" s]Gb|fWoIf eP/ cfpg'kbf{ a]Un} cg'ej / cg'e"lt x'g] atfpg'eof] . kmlg{r/ gk'u /x]sf] cj:yfdf l5d]sL ljBfnoaf6 ;xof]u NofO{ P;Pn;L ;+rfng u/]sf]df cfkm"nfO{ uf}/j ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] . ;fy} ;'/Iffsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg ;DjlGwt lgsfoaf6 cjnf]sgdf cfpg]jfx]s s;}nfO{ k|j]z ug{ glbPsf]n] ;xh ePsf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ cfkmgf] s]Gb|sf] k/LIff ;+rfng lgs} Jojl:yt / dof{lbt clg afnd}qL ePsf] bfjL 5 .
pkTosf aflx/sf s]Gb|x?df x'g] cg}lts sfo{k|lt ;dfrf/ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 36gfaf/] JolQmut ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ g/fd|f] nfu]sf] / Ps} txsf ljBfyL{x?sf] d"Nofªsgdf km/s :t/ x'g] u/L d"Nofªsg x'g hfg] j]lyltn] k/LIff ;+rfngsf] Ps?ktfdf Wofg lbg h?/L ePsf] atfpg'eof] . d+un pdfljsf s]Gb|fWon] dxh{gn] pkTosfdf vf; km/s gxf]nf t/ aflx/sf] 36gfn] glthf k|sfzgdf c;Gt'ng cfpg] / sdhf]/L ljBfyL{x? klg ptL0f{ x'g hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] atfpg'eof] .
6f}bxsf s]Gb|fWoIf sfsL{n] t'ngfTds ?kdf pkTosfsf] k/LIff ;+rfng lgs} :t/Lo ePsf] atfpg'eof] eg] hg;]jf pdflj s]Gb|fWoIf dxh{gn] klg gd"gf s]Gb| agfpg lgod kfngf ug{ s'g} s;/ afFsL g/fv]]sf] atfpg'eof] .
o;kflnsf] P;Pn;L k/LIff ;+rfng s:tf] eof], s] cg'e'lt ug{'eof] egL sLlt{k'/ bk{0fn] /fv]s]f lh1f;fdf hg;]jf pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf gGbs'df/L dxh{gn] lgs} ;xh, zfGtdo / ;'Jojl:yt ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] eg] ;'/IffsdL{nufot
lg/LIfsx?sf] kfl/>lds ;'ljwf a9fpg'ePsf]df cfkm"nfO{ lgs} pT;flxt cg'e"lt ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . d+un pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf k|bLk dxh{gn] k/LIff ;+rfng /fd|f] ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] eg] cg'e'lt vf;} gePsf] atfpg'eof] . s]Gb|fWoIfsf] ! lbg eQf s6f}lt ug{' clg w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv :6]zg/L vr{df s'g} cfly{s j[l4 gug{'n] s]Gb| ;+rfngdf l;6Knflgªsf] ;dodf cK7]/f] dxz'; ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
To;}u/L 6f}bx pdfljsf s]Gb|fWoIf zf]let/fd sfsL{n] klg vf;} km/s dxz'; gePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] t/ pxfFn] lhlzcsf] cjnf]sgkl5 s]Gb|sf] ;'/Ifftkm{ ljz]if Wofg uPsf] kIf eg] ljutsf] t'ngfdf k[ys ePsf] dxz'; ug{'eof] . sLlt{k'/ dflj s]Gb|sf s]Gb|fWoIf nfnjxfb'/ kf08]sf] cg'ej / cg'e"lt /fi6«;]jssf] gftfn] km/s /xof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ sLlt{k'/sf s]Gb|x? dWo] ;j}eGbf a9L k/LIffyL{ ePsf] s]Gb|df To;dfly km/s kl/l:yltdf cfkm" s]Gb|fWoIf eP/ cfpg'kbf{ a]Un} cg'ej / cg'e"lt x'g] atfpg'eof] . kmlg{r/ gk'u /x]sf] cj:yfdf l5d]sL ljBfnoaf6 ;xof]u NofO{ P;Pn;L ;+rfng u/]sf]df cfkm"nfO{ uf}/j ePsf] k|lts[of lbg'eof] . ;fy} ;'/Iffsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg ;DjlGwt lgsfoaf6 cjnf]sgdf cfpg]jfx]s s;}nfO{ k|j]z ug{ glbPsf]n] ;xh ePsf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ cfkmgf] s]Gb|sf] k/LIff ;+rfng lgs} Jojl:yt / dof{lbt clg afnd}qL ePsf] bfjL 5 .
pkTosf aflx/sf s]Gb|x?df x'g] cg}lts sfo{k|lt ;dfrf/ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 36gfaf/] JolQmut ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ g/fd|f] nfu]sf] / Ps} txsf ljBfyL{x?sf] d"Nofªsgdf km/s :t/ x'g] u/L d"Nofªsg x'g hfg] j]lyltn] k/LIff ;+rfngsf] Ps?ktfdf Wofg lbg h?/L ePsf] atfpg'eof] . d+un pdfljsf s]Gb|fWon] dxh{gn] pkTosfdf vf; km/s gxf]nf t/ aflx/sf] 36gfn] glthf k|sfzgdf c;Gt'ng cfpg] / sdhf]/L ljBfyL{x? klg ptL0f{ x'g hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] atfpg'eof] .
6f}bxsf s]Gb|fWoIf sfsL{n] t'ngfTds ?kdf pkTosfsf] k/LIff ;+rfng lgs} :t/Lo ePsf] atfpg'eof] eg] hg;]jf pdflj s]Gb|fWoIf dxh{gn] klg gd"gf s]Gb| agfpg lgod kfngf ug{ s'g} s;/ afFsL g/fv]]sf] atfpg'eof] .